Streaky windshields, night glare and pounding rain can considerably reduce a driver's ability to see. But that isn't the only challenge to be faced when driving in rainy weather. Wet roads may double the required stopping distance. During dry periods, a layer of residue builds up on the highway surface, and when it rains, the water floats it loose, forming a slick film on the road. Wet pavement, covered with road film or spotted with oil, grease and dirt, makes quick stops extremely difficult.

Perhaps the most serious factor affecting the ability to stop is tire hydroplaning.

Why hydroplaning occurs

As your vehicle rolls along on wet pavement a layer of water builds up ahead of the front tires. When the tire treads can no longer disperse this water, the wheels are lifted up in much the same way water lifts a skier.

The danger of hydroplaning is always present on wet or slushy roads. You can drive along for miles on the verge of a skid without being aware of it.

Hydroplaning occurs at virtually all speed ranges depending on conditions. As you increase the speed of your vehicle, the chances of hydroplaning become greater.

Below are some suggestions for driving safely in rainy weather.

• Slow down. Reduce your speed on wet roads. Beware of tire hydroplaning on high-speed expressways. You may lose ability to steer as well as your ability to brake. It can take a heavy rain a half-hour to wash away the oil slick and a lighter rain can take even longer.
• Allow extra distance for stopping. It takes your vehicle longer to stop when road surface conditions are less than optimal.
• Drive in the tracks of the vehicle in front of you. This can reduce the risk of hydroplaning due to contaminant dispersion.
• Check your wipers. Rubber wiper blades deteriorate when exposed to sun or temperature extremes. Six months is the average blade's effective life. If your blades won't wipe the windshield clean, have them replaced.
• Replace badly worn tires. Worn tires can increase hydroplaning potential, reduce traction control and prevent your vehicle from getting the best grip on the road surface.
• Drive with the tires inflated to the manufacturer's specifications. Tires perform best when properly inflated.
• Turn your lights on. With good wipers and defrosters you may see others, but can they see you? Use your low beams so you can be seen by pedestrians and other vehicles. Never drive with only your parking lights on.
• Watch surface conditions. Even though the rain has stopped, the streets may remain slippery. Traffic statistics indicate that high accident rates often continue for three to four hours after the rain stops.
• Beware of deep puddles. Check your braking ability immediately after driving through deep water. Some wet brakes will dry by repeatedly pumping the pedal or dragging your brakes for a moment or two when it is safe to do so.

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This material is provided for informational purposes only and does not provide any coverage or guarantee loss prevention. The examples in this material are provided as hypothetical and for illustration purposes only. The Hanover Insurance Company and its affiliates and subsidiaries (“The Hanover”) specifically disclaim any warranty or representation that acceptance of any recommendations contained herein will make any premises, or operation safe or in compliance with any law or regulation. By providing this information to you. The Hanover does not assume (and specifically disclaims) any duty, undertaking or responsibility to you. The decision to accept or implement any recommendation(s) or advice contained in this material must be made by you.

LC DEC 2018 LC 11-389
171-1128 (10/14)

 

Your showcases display your goods and entice your customers to browse and buy. They also protect your goods from theft and should be designed and maintained to do this while keeping the focus on the merchandise.

The first issue to consider is the locks on the showcases. To be effective, they must be locked. Many thefts occur when a showcase or window is left unlocked and an opportunistic thief simply opens the door.

The locks that are on the cases should be pick-resistant. The standard four- or five-pin showcase locks that are stock items from manufacturers have limited security and can be easily defeated. Upgrading these to pick-resistant locks is a minor expense, but could be a major improvement in security.

The glass on your showcase should be secured in place. If a thief can lift or move the glass, the locking mechanisms are not effective. Most glass is secured with adhesives or clips. The adhesive is subject to failure from age, sunlight and cleaning chemicals. Checking to make sure the seal is tight is a no-cost security check. Adding mechanical clips to the glass reinforces the adhesive and serves as a visual indicator of tampering.

Consider the type of glass when buying new cases or upgrading or replacing glass. Burglar-resistant glazing materials can be used that resist smash-and-grab thefts. The glass is not impossible to break, but the attack time is measured in minutes and that will deter many thieves.

The labeling of the glass with the UL 972 listing also communicates to thieves casing your store that a higher level of security is present.

Managing the keys to your showcases is a critical security issue. Hanging keys on a hook behind a counter defeats the purpose of locking the cases. Keep the keys on your person. Account for keys at the end of the day and lock them in the safe at night. This keeps a burglar from being able to unlock your cases.

The best defense against after-hours burglaries is your safe or vault. However, if you keep merchandise in the cases, consider covering the cases with a cloth at closing. This will help prevent a burglar from casing your store from the outside.

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This material is provided for informational purposes only and does not provide any coverage or guarantee loss prevention. The examples in this material are provided as hypothetical and for illustration purposes only. The Hanover Insurance Company and its affiliates and subsidiaries (“The Hanover”) specifically disclaim any warranty or representation that acceptance of any recommendations contained herein will make any premises, or operation safe or in compliance with any law or regulation. By providing this information to you. The Hanover does not assume (and specifically disclaims) any duty, undertaking or responsibility to you. The decision to accept or implement any recommendation(s) or advice contained in this material must be made by you.

LC DEC 2018 11-217f
171-1040 (01/14)

For workers in religious organizations, an assessment of exposures to injuries and illnesses should include focus on falls, strains, cooking operations and hazardous substances. However, in analyzing the level of safety for any organization, consideration should be given to management’s concern and actions in establishing safe work procedures, and workers’ involvement in creating a safe work environment.

Management

• Is there a formally written safety program?
• Is there an understanding of the financial impact of injuries?
• Is there a safety orientation and training program for new workers?
• Are healthcare and/or other benefit programs made available to all workers?
• Are less-experienced workers properly supervised?

Falls

• Are slip-resistant flooring or mats used in appropriate locations?
• Are all areas kept neat and orderly to prevent slips, trips, and falls?
• Are warning signs used during and after a floor has been mopped or waxed?
• Is adequate lighting provided in aisles, stairways, and storage rooms?
• Are good housekeeping practices emphasized?
• Is trash removed on a daily basis?
• Is worn, torn, or loose flooring immediately repaired?
• Are wiring and telephone cords properly secured to prevent tripping hazards?

Strains

• Are workers instructed in the use of safe-lifting techniques?
• Are workers encouraged to obtain help when lifting or moving heavy objects?
• Are procedures for two-person lifts used when appropriate?
• Are over-exertion injuries investigated to determine the cause and necessary procedural changes?
• Are supplies for custodial staff broken down into small, easily handled packages or is appropriate material handling equipment used?

Cooking operations (cuts and burns)

• Are stoves, ovens, fryers, heat lamps, microwave ovens or other heat generating apparatus used and if so, is the equipment in good condition and are operators properly trained?
• Is personal protective equipment provided for handling hot utensils and appliances?
• Are signs posted to alert personnel to hot surfaces?
• Is there any potential for grease splattering?
• Does food preparation require the use of slicing machines, and are they properly guarded?
• Are knives, slicers and other cutting devices used and if so, are operators properly trained? Is equipment in good condition?
• Are sharp instruments used during food preparation, as well as for unpacking materials?
• Are electrical appliances properly grounded, and wires in good service?
• Is the food preparation area (cooking) adequately ventilated?

Hazardous substances

• What hazardous chemicals are stored, handled or used by workers?
• Are Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) obtained and made available to workers?
• Are all workers able to read the MSDS and understand the hazards and safety requirements?
• Are hazardous chemicals properly labeled?
• Are workers trained according to the requirements of the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard?
• Is personal protective equipment provided for workers who use or handle chemicals?
• Are chemically-soiled materials and equipment either sterilized or discarded?
• Are any carcinogenic chemicals used?
• Is the exhaust ventilation system adequate to remove flammable and toxic vapors?
• Are flammable and combustible liquids stored in approved containers?
• Are waste removal procedures for chemicals established?
• Are emergency overhead showers and eye wash stations provided?

Workers’ compensation exposure controls

A safety and health management system is the cornerstone of an effective occupational safety and health program. Occupational safety and health management is the portion of a complete management system that deals with preventing worker injuries and illnesses, and should be incorporated into a company’s operating procedures.

Management system

Establish safe-work procedures — Management and workers should be aware that the cost of accidents has a direct influence on operating costs. Management can take many actions that will directly impact the level of safety and subsequent accidents. First should be a positive, no-nonsense demand that workers use established safe-work procedures. Management must insist on strict adherence to safety protocols and the use of approved personal protective equipment (PPE) such as hard hats, safety shoes, gloves, boots, aprons, face shields, goggles, hearing protection, respirators, etc. Management should also lead by example by wearing PPE and by performing all tasks in a safe manner.

Written safety program — The organization should have a written safety program to help stress the importance of working safely and to help identify exposures that need to be addressed. Outlining the expected safe work procedures will aid in on-the-job training and set a foundation for unsupervised work. Management should provide initial and continuous safety training.

Employee training — All workers should have a clear understanding of management’s attitude toward safety. They should have and use the proper safety equipment for the task at hand. Workers should be responsible for inspecting their PPE each day. Workers who have a voice in the selection of PPE will generally be more receptive to its use. Workers should not take shortcuts or guess the proper method to accomplish a task. Instead, workers should know they can count on management to help them when difficult situations arise, and that they will be rewarded for safe actions.

Fall prevention

Climbing — Workers need to be vigilant when climbing and descending stairs, and while using ladders or step stools, to ensure they are free from slippery conditions.

Walking surface — When pulling or pushing carts or lifting equipment, workers should analyze the path to the destination and take appropriate actions. Conditions that could cause a fall should be corrected or bypassed.

Management actions — Management should consider the following to reduce worker exposure to falls: (1) require workers to wear shoes with slip resistant soles; (2) have workers clean up liquid spills as quickly as possible; (3) coat building steps with non-slip material; (4) keep walkways and parking areas clear and unobstructed from debris, snow and ice; (5) provide adequate lighting indoors and outdoors, including walkways and parking areas; and (6) inspect and properly maintain all portable ladders and step stools.

Strain prevention

Prevention program — Management should have a strain prevention program that outlines the procedures for the safe use of equipment, provides criteria for two-person lifts, and reinforces the need for storing heavy objects at or below waist level.

Employee training — Much of the success in preventing strain injuries can be attributed to understanding the exposure. Workers can help to prevent a back injury or strain by reducing bending and twisting, and asking for help with heavy loads. Manual materials handling equipment should be sized for the task and the user. Additionally, management should know which workers have back problems and ensure they are lifting safely, such as by using a buddy system. The best prevention technique to control strain injuries is recognition by the individual of the hazard and then taking the appropriate action. There should be no stigma attached to asking for help.

Cooking operations

Written procedures — There are numerous methods to protect employees who work in a cooking environment. Since work methods may differ by operation, management should ensure that procedures they want employees to follow are clearly spelled out. Some of the preventive methods that may be used include: (1) posting caution signs on hot counter surfaces below heat lamps; (2) providing towels, dry cloths, mitts, or potholders to handle hot utensils and appliances; (3) cleaning stoves and hoods on a regular basis to prevent grease buildup; (4) keeping oven doors closed when not being used; and (5) cleaning ovens, stoves, and other hot cooking equipment only after they have cooled.

Hazardous  substances

Personal protective equipment — Occupational injuries and illnesses can be caused by exposure to harmful substances or the environment. Management should conduct a hazard assessment to determine what kinds of PPE may be necessary to prevent injury. In addition, workers should be trained in the proper selection, use, and maintenance of PPE.

OSHA hazard communication program — A formal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) hazard communication program should be established to control the handling of hazardous chemicals. The program should include written procedures, hazardous materials inventory, MSDS’s, worker training and container labeling.

Other factors that should be considered to protect workers from hazardous chemicals include: (1) providing spill clean-up kits in accessible locations; (2) developing and implementing written spill control plans; (3) storing chemicals in areas that are not subject to physical damage; (4) not storing heavy loads on top of small, chemical-holding containers; and (5) providing proper PPE for each chemical used.

References

1. Cobble, J. Safety Checklists for Churches and Schools. Matthews, NC: Christian Ministry Resources, 2001.
2. Cobble, J. and Hammar, R. Risk Management Handbook for Churches and Schools. Matthews, NC: Christian Ministry Resources, 2001.

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This material is provided for informational purposes only and does not provide any coverage or guarantee loss prevention. The examples in this material are provided as hypothetical and for illustration purposes only. The Hanover Insurance Company and its affiliates and subsidiaries (“The Hanover”) specifically disclaim any warranty or representation that acceptance of any recommendations contained herein will make any premises, or operation safe or in compliance with any law or regulation. By providing this information to you, The Hanover does not assume (and specifically disclaims) any duty, undertaking or responsibility to you. The decision to accept or implement any recommendation(s) or advice contained in this material must be made by you.

LC DEC 2018 14-106
171-0875 (3/14)

Shipping goods to others presents a significant risk for a jeweler. Shipping-related losses are among one of the most common types of loss that our customers experience.

There are some simple, low-cost precautions that you can take to lower your risk of loss:

• Never send a package that is too small or light in weight that screams "jewelry" to the thieves. A shoebox size package with added material for weight will attract less attention. Double boxing provides extra protection from dishonest employees of the shipping firms who may only have a brief moment to slit your package open quickly. Providing this double obstacle can discourage theft. Using shipper-provided packaging as the outer container is a cost effective way to implement this control.
• Avoid the use of "jewelry words" in the address of the sender or recipient. Use partial names, initials or other appropriate names that do not mention jewelry.
• Be careful of return addresses containing well-known zip codes for jewelry districts in New York, Los Angeles, Chicago and other major jewelry cities. Some jewelers use the address of their lawyer, accountant or other location outside of the jewelry districts for the return addresses.
• Double check addresses of all outgoing packages containing jewelry goods. Misdirected packages have a much higher chance of being stolen because they touch many more hands and sit around much longer awaiting re-delivery. Using online tools at www.usps.gov or the shipping company, online shipping document programs will allow you to verify that the address is valid before you ship the goods. Some label-making software also has address verification software or links to verify dresses.
• Do not use special security tape that can raise the visibility of a package, indicating valuable goods are inside and providing a red flag for thieves.
• When shipping, mark your boxes with a discreet, unique mark so that you can later determine if the package or box received was the same one you sent.
• Disguise the outside of the package as much as possible as to contents. Use misleading labels indicating non-jewelry goods. The use of shipper-provided packaging is a cost effective way to implement this control.
• Splitting a shipment into two or more lower-value parcels can prevent a catastrophic loss.
• Always include a packing slip in the packages that you send in order to identify the items included in the package. You should also insist that a packing slip be included when merchandise is shipped to you.
• Firmly attach the address label or air bill to the package. Simply inserting the address label in a clear plastic sleeve or pouch allows address labels to be easily replaced with new labels by thieves and packages to be diverted.
• Always require a signature to be obtained upon delivery. Do not allow a shipper to release the signature requirements. Delivery verification is available from all major shippers.
• Check all packages for tampering immediately upon receipt and before signing for them. When you receive a package, check to make sure that all the items listed on the packing slip are contained in the shipment. If items are missing, or if no slip is included, immediately call the firm shipping to you.
• The safest method of shipping, confirmed by The Hanover experience, is U.S. Postal Service Registered Mail. If overnight service or speed is a necessity, USPS Priority and Express mail have had excellent loss results. The U.S. Postal Service offers up to $5,000 insurance for Express Mail. Use Express Mail and the USPS, including First Class Registered Mail, whenever possible.
• There are specialized services that offer insured overnight shipping of high value packages with no deductible.
• For shipping high-value or irreplaceable goods, use an armored car courier service. Shipment by this method has an excellent record for safety, although it may not be available or practical on a daily basis because of time constraints, cost or shipping locations.
• Do not ship goods overnight on a Friday unless you are certain the recipient will be open on Saturday to accept delivery. Do not ship jewelry on a Friday for a Monday delivery. The longer the packages remain undelivered, the greater the risk they will be stolen.
• When packages are picked up at your premises, check the identification of the person picking up the packages. It is not difficult for criminals to obtain the uniforms of shipping companies, or for a thief to claim to be a courier.
• If you have a shipping loss, or a pattern of shipping losses, consider changing shipping companies. Losses may mean that your firm's packages have been targeted within the shipping company. If you experience losses, ask to meet with the shipper's security department to discuss your situation.
• Report any misdirection or loss immediately. USPS and most of the major shippers have tracking and confirmation tools available online. Use these tools to track critical or high value shipments. You can report a missed delivery very quickly or a missed transfer point will be obvious quickly.
• Consider using a dedicated mailing service such as Gempostage. This service offers discounted mailing rates for registered users. Shipping services have dedicated contacts within the postal service to investigate missing shipments.

Your insurance policy may contain provisions that assign more restrictive duties in respect to shipping goods. Please be sure that you are familiar with these provisions of your policy. Your Hanover agent can help you with any policy related questions.

The Hanover has a full time staff of knowledgeable and experienced loss control professionals. We offer these services to our clients to improve their risk management and safety programs. Let us help you improve your program.

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This material is provided for informational purposes only and does not provide any coverage or guarantee loss prevention. The examples in this material are provided as hypothetical and for illustration purposes only. The Hanover Insurance Company and its affiliates and subsidiaries (“The Hanover”) specifically disclaim any warranty or representation that acceptance of any recommendations contained herein will make any premises, or operation safe or in compliance with any law or regulation. By providing this information to you. The Hanover does not assume (and specifically disclaims) any duty, undertaking or responsibility to you. The decision to accept or implement any recommendation(s) or advice contained in this material must be made by you.

LC NOV 2018 11-05 Rev. 2011
171-0962 (01/14)

Documented inspections of buildings and grounds should be conducted on a regular basis. Below is a suggested checklist. Any problems identified in the inspection should be reported and corrected as soon as possible.

Instructions: When conducting an inspection, answer the following questions and report any “No” answers to building management.

Parking lot/grounds	Yes	No	N/A	Comments
Are outside walks, curbs, and parking lots in good condition and properly marked and painted?
Are parking lot lights adequate and operating at dark?
Are entrances well lighted?
Are fire lanes designated?
Are sidewalks free of tripping hazards?
In the winter, are snow removal and salting conducted prior to working hours?

Entrances and exits	Yes	No	N/A	Comments
Are emergency exits unobstructed?
Are entrances and exits marked with appropriate signage?
Are exits marked and illuminated by a reliable light source?
Are directions to exits, when not immediately apparent, marked with visible signs?
Are entrances and exits free of tripping hazards?
Are weather mats used at entrances during inclement weather?
Do all automatic doors operate properly?

Floors	Yes	No	N/A	Comments
Are floors clean and free of tripping hazards?
Are carpets and floors in good condition?
Are floor elevation changes identified?
Are floors dry mopped and temporary runners used during inclement weather?
Are “wet floor” signs used when floor cleaning is required or to mark possible hazards during inclement weather?

Stairs	Yes	No	N/A	Comments
Are treads firm and in good shape?
Are handrails secure?
Is lighting sufficient?
Are stairs free of storage and debris?
Are stairs free of tripping hazards?
Do all fire doors open and close properly?
Is emergency lighting in place, tested and in good working order?

Elevators	Yes	No	N/A	Comments
Are inspection certificates up to date?
Do alarm bells and telephones work properly?
Are car floors free of tripping hazards?
Are signs designating “Use stairwell in event of fire” at elevator entrances?
Is current emergency repair service name and phone number available?

Additional life safety	Yes	No	N/A	Comments
Are emergency alarm stations tested annually?
Is emergency lighting located at paths of egress?
Is emergency lighting tested monthly?

Notes:





 

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This material is provided for informational purposes only and does not provide any coverage or guarantee loss prevention. The examples in this material are provided as hypothetical and for illustration purposes only. The Hanover Insurance Company and its affiliates and subsidiaries (“The Hanover”) specifically disclaim any warranty or representation that acceptance of any recommendations contained herein will make any premises, or operation safe or in compliance with any law or regulation. By providing this information to you, The Hanover does not assume (and specifically disclaims) any duty, undertaking or responsibility to you. The decision to accept or implement any recommendation(s) or advice contained in this material must be made by you.

LC FEB 2019-123
171-10048 (4/17)

Workplace inspections are designed to ensure written procedures are being followed, workers are trained and to identify deficiencies that need attention. Inspections should be conducted by employees who are familiar with the exposures and hazards that are found in their workplace or working locations. This form is designed as a sample of a form that can be used to remind designated persons when certain inspections should take place. Not all OSHA inspection requirements are included in this form and the hazards and standards that are found or apply to your workplace may differ. Your state or local authority may have standards, rules, requirements which are more stringent.

Daily	Yes/No
Safety orientation provided to all new workers
Vehicles and other powered equipment inspected and controls work
PPE is used by workers based on exposure(s)
Workers wash hands before eating, drinking, smoking
Housekeeping maintained to control slipping, tripping, and fire hazards
Procedures followed for lockout/tagout, confined space, and work at heights
Exit signs are visible and clear for emergency egress
Exterior walkways maintained to control slipping and tripping hazards

Monthly	Yes/No
Fire extinguishers inspected — charged, property located, and a accessible
First aid kits are maintained and located in designated areas
Emergency eyewash stations are maintained and clean
Loading dock truck locks/wheel trucks are used and in good condition
Electrical cords (temporary) and tools are in good condition
Equipment and machine guards are in place and working/used properly
Hot work/confined space permits used and filed
Illumination adequate in all walking/working areas
Approved safety cans used and flammable liquids stored properly
Facility ventilation system functioning properly
Forklifts properly shut down when not attended
Washrooms kept clean and sanitary

Quarterly	Yes/No
Carbon monoxide testing conducted when required (fueled powered forklifts)
Safety data sheets available in designated area
Labels maintained on all temporary containers
Electrical connections (conduit, covers) tight with no openings in electrical panels or outlets
Gas welding/cutting equipment in good condition (hoses, torches, gauges)
Gas cylinders properly stored and secured with caps in place
Accident reports maintained and completed in a timely manner

Annually	Yes/No
Lockout/tagout inspection by authorized employees
Fire extinguisher maintenance check conducted
Evacuation drill conducted, alarm systems tested
Fire extinguisher training conducted
Eye wash stations inspected and within expiration date
Hazard communication training conducted
Bloodborne pathogen/CPR training conducted for first responders
Safety program goals updated (reference OSHA 300 log, accident investigations, workplace inspection findings)
OSHA 300 log updated, signed and posted (Feb — April)
Annual refresher training conducted on exposures of high severity
Annual exhaust test of forklifts when required
Stairway treads maintaining slip resistance
New operations reviewed for hazards, PPE requirements, training
Personal fall protection equipment inspected by Competent Person

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This material is provided for informational purposes only and does not provide any coverage or guarantee loss prevention. The examples in this material are provided as hypothetical and for illustration purposes only. The Hanover Insurance Company and its affiliates and subsidiaries (“The Hanover”) specifically disclaim any warranty or representation that acceptance of any recommendations contained herein will make any premises, or operation safe or in compliance with any law or regulation. By providing this information to you, The Hanover does not assume (and specifically disclaims) any duty, undertaking or responsibility to you. The decision to accept or implement any recommendation(s) or advice contained in this material must be made by you.

LC JAN 2019 12‐228
171-1021 (02/14)

Every year, severe winter weather brings significant damage to buildings, in the form of frozen water pipes and roof collapses. Although you may have property insurance for your building, the payments you receive for your claim may not pay for all the damages sustained, and all the costs incurred, from a severe winter weather incident. The uninsured costs of the disruption to your business and the loss of clientele, for example, can easily exceed the costs to repair the building.

A few simple, short procedures can reduce the likelihood of a loss from winter weather, and are well worth the few minutes they would take, to complete. The following checklist is for your use in preventing what could become a disaster for your business.

Don't let your business become a statistic to winter weather.

Cold air in enclosed spaces

• Make a visual check in concealed spaces, such as above suspended ceilings and in closets/storage rooms, against exterior walls. Seal any gaps in wall materials, and provide insulation, if none is present. Water pipes in these areas will freeze, if not protected.
• If these spaces are unheated, make arrangements for heat to be provided (at least 50° F), or provide heat tape that has been certified by Underwriters Laboratories (UL), the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) or Factory Mutual Research Corporation (FMRC).

Sprinkler systems and related equipment

• Keep building temperatures above 50°F for wet-pipe systems.
• Anti-freeze systems should be checked, for adequate temperature ratings.
• Dry-pipe systems have water in them, up till the main valve, and these must be in a heated enclosure.
• Dry-pipe systems, with air in the piping, will still have condensation in them, and these must be drained, at the low points, by a servicing company.
• If there is a fire pump, the room this is in must be heated to at least 50°F.
• Hydrants, tanks, fire department connections and other sprinkler system accessories and parts should, along with the rest of the sprinkler system, receive service and inspection, before the onset of cold weather, with leaks repaired and protection provided.

General building protection

• If the building is to be unoccupied (e.g., over a vacation period, or over a weekend) when cold weather is present, inspections should be made, to be sure heating systems are functioning properly.
• Sources of cold air infiltration should be identified, and leaks or poor seals in doors or windows should be repaired.
• Roofs should be inspected, to assure they can withstand snow loads. Following a heavy snow, snow should be manually removed from roofs, if the roof strength is in question.
• Gutters, downspouts and roof drains should be kept clear, to avoid clogging and freezing.
• An emergency response plan should be made, for winter weather situations (e.g., loss of heat). This plan should include:
  • Draining of any equipment which contains water, which could freeze.
  • Sources of temporary heat, for a possible heating system failure.
  • Training of security or maintenance/facility personnel, in how to close the automatic sprinkler valves, if a leak or break should occur

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This material is provided for informational purposes only and does not provide any coverage or guarantee loss prevention. The examples in this material are provided as hypothetical and for illustration purposes only. The Hanover Insurance Company and its affiliates and subsidiaries (“The Hanover”) specifically disclaim any warranty or representation that acceptance of any recommendations contained herein will make any premises, or operation safe or in compliance with any law or regulation. By providing this information to you. The Hanover does not assume (and specifically disclaims) any duty, undertaking or responsibility to you. The decision to accept or implement any recommendation(s) or advice contained in this material must be made by you.

LC DEC 2018 12-198
171-1077 (01/14)

Stinging or biting insects or scorpions can be hazardous to outdoor workers. Stinging or biting insects include bees, wasps, hornets, and fire ants. Outdoor workers who are at risk of exposure to them include farmers, foresters, landscapers, groundskeepers, gardeners, painters, roofers, pavers, construction workers, laborers, mechanics, and any other workers who spend time outside.

The health effects of stinging or biting insects or scorpions range from mild discomfort or pain to a lethal reaction for those workers allergic to the insect’s venom. Anaphylactic shock is the body’s severe allergic reaction to a bite or sting and requires immediate emergency care. Thousands of people are stung by insects each year, and as many as 90 –100 people in the United States die as a result of allergic reactions. This number may be underreported as deaths may be mistakenly diagnosed as heart attacks or sunstrokes or may be attributed to other causes.

It is important for employers to train their workers about their risk of exposure to insects and scorpions, how they can prevent and protect themselves from stings and bites, and what they should do if they are stung or bitten.

Bees, wasps, and hornets

Bees, wasps, and hornets are most abundant in the warmer months throughout the United States. Nests and hives may be found in trees, under roof eaves, or on equipment such as ladders.

U.S. geographic region

Bees, wasps and hornets are found throughout the United States.

Recommendations for protecting workers

Employers should protect their workers from stinging insects by training them about:

• Their risk of exposure
• Insect identification
• How to prevent exposure
• What to do if stung

Preventing insect stings

Workers should take the following steps to prevent insect stings:

• Wear light-colored, smooth-finished clothing.
• Avoid perfumed soaps, shampoos, and deodorants.
  • Don’t wear cologne or perfume.
  • Avoid bananas and banana-scented toiletries.
• Wear clean clothing and bathe daily. (Sweat may anger bees.)
• Wear clothing to cover as much of the body as possible.
• Avoid flowering plants when possible.
• Keep work areas clean. Social wasps thrive in places where humans discard food.
• Remain calm and still if a single stinging insect is flying around. (Swatting at an insect may cause it to sting.)
• If you are attacked by several stinging insects at once, run to get away from them. (Bees release a chemical when they sting, which may attract other bees.)
  • Go indoors.
  • A shaded area is better than an open area to get away from the insects.
  • If you are able to physically move out of the area, do not to attempt to jump into water. Some insects (particularly Africanized Honey Bees) are known to hover above the water, continuing to sting once you surface for air.
• If a bee comes inside your vehicle, stop the car slowly, and open all the windows.
• Workers with a history of severe allergic reactions to insect bites or stings should consider carrying an epinephrine auto injector (EpiPen) and should wear a medical identification bracelet or necklace stating their allergy.

First aid

If a worker is stung by a bee, wasp, or hornet:

• Have someone stay with the worker to be sure that they do not have an allergic reaction.
• Wash the site with soap and water.
• Remove the stinger using gauze wiped over the area or by scraping a fingernail over the area.
  • Never squeeze the stinger or use tweezers.
• Apply ice to reduce swelling.
• Do not scratch the sting as this may increase swelling, itching, and risk of infection.

Additional resources

• CDC Stinging Hymenoptera: Pictorial Key to Some Common U.S. Families
• National Ag Safety Database: First Aid for Bee and Insect Stings
• University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension — NebGuide: Stinging Wasps and Bees
• Colorado State University Extension: Nuisance Wasps and Bees

Fire ants

Imported fire ants first came to the United States around 1930. Now there are five times more ants per acre in the United States than in their native South America. The fire ants that came to the United States escaped their natural enemies and thrived in the southern landscape.

Fire ants bite and sting. They are aggressive when stinging and inject venom, which causes a burning sensation. Red bumps form at the sting, and within a day or two they become white fluid-filled pustules.

U.S. geographic region

Mostly the Southeastern United States, with limited geographic distribution in New Mexico, Arizona, and California.

Recommendations for protecting workers

Employers should protect their workers from fire ants by training them about:

• Their risk of exposure
• How to identify fire ants and their nests
• How to prevent exposure
• What to do if they are bitten or stung

Preventing fire ant stings and bites

Workers should take the following steps to prevent fire ant stings and bites:

• Do not disturb or stand on or near ant mounds.
• Be careful when lifting items (including animal carcasses) off the ground, as they may be covered in ants.
• Fire ants may also be found on trees or in water, so always look over the area before starting to work.

First aid

Workers with a history of severe allergic reactions to insect bites or stings should consider carrying an epinephrine auto injector (EpiPen) and should wear a medical identification bracelet or necklace stating their allergy.

Workers should take the following steps if they are stung or bitten by fire ants:

• Rub off ants briskly, as they will attach to the skin with their jaws.
• Antihistamines may help.
  • Follow directions on packaging.
  • Drowsiness may occur.
• Take the worker to an emergency medical facility immediately if a sting causes severe chest pain, nausea, severe sweating, loss of breath, serious swelling, or slurred speech.

Additional resources

• CDC Stinging Hymenoptera: Pictorial Key to Some Common U.S. Families
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration — Fact Sheet: Fire Ants
• Texas A&M University: The Two-Step Method of Fire Ant Control (in English and Spanish)

Scorpions

Scorpions usually hide during the day and are active at night. They may be hiding under rocks, wood, or anything else lying on the ground. Some species may also burrow into the ground. Most scorpions live in dry, desert areas. However, some species can be found in grasslands, forests, and inside caves.

U.S. geographic region

Southern and Southwestern United States.

Symptoms

Symptoms of a scorpion sting may include:

• A stinging or burning sensation at the injection site (very little swelling or inflammation)
• Positive “tap test” (i.e., extreme pain when the sting site is tapped with a finger)
• Restlessness
• Convulsions
• Roving eyes
• Staggering gait
• Thick tongue sensation
• Slurred speech
• Drooling
• Muscle twitches
• Abdominal pain and cramps
• Respiratory depression

These symptoms usually subside within 48 hours, although stings from a bark scorpion can be life-threatening.

Recommendations for protecting workers

Employers should protect their workers from scorpions by training them about:

• Their risk of exposure
• Scorpion identification
• How to prevent exposure
• What to do if stung

Preventing scorpion stings

Workers should take the following steps to prevent scorpion stings:

• Wear long sleeves and pants.
• Wear leather gloves.
• Shake out clothing or shoes before putting them on.
• Workers with a history of severe allergic reactions to insect bites or stings should consider carrying an epinephrine auto injector (EpiPen) and should wear a medical identification bracelet or necklace stating their allergy.

First aid

Workers should take the following steps if they are stung by a scorpion:

• Contact a qualified health care provider or poison control center for advice and medical instructions.
• Ice may be applied directly to the sting site (never submerge the affected limb in ice water).
• Remain relaxed and calm.
• Do not take any sedatives.
• Capture the scorpion for identification if it is possible to do so safely.

Additional resources

• CDC Scorpions: Pictorial Key to Some Common U.S. Species 

Related links

• Poisonous plants
• Venomous spiders
• Venomous snakes

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This material is provided for informational purposes only and does not provide any coverage or guarantee loss prevention. The examples in this material are provided as hypothetical and for illustration purposes only. The Hanover Insurance Company and its affiliates and subsidiaries (“The Hanover”) specifically disclaim any warranty or representation that acceptance of any recommendations contained herein will make any premises, or operation safe or in compliance with any law or regulation. By providing this information to you. The Hanover does not assume (and specifically disclaims) any duty, undertaking or responsibility to you. The decision to accept or implement any recommendation(s) or advice contained in this material must be made by you.

LC DEC 2018 12-139
171-0870 (01/14)

Operating a business requires a reliable and efficient means of communication and data processing. As stronger competition surfaces from every direction, a company’s dependency on fast, accurate and convenient transmission of information increases dramatically. Businesses make great investments in state-of-the-art telephone systems, computer networks and expert diagnostic equipment in order to compete in the high-tech marketplace that exists in every industry today.

So, how would your business be affected if it lost the use of these systems for an extended period of time? Or even for a day? Suppose the computer system you use to communicate with financial institutions is damaged from a lightning surge. How big of an impact would this have on your operation? How long would it take to repair or replace a key piece of machinery or equipment that has been subjected to a voltage surge and rendered useless? Are you prepared if it does happen?

Lightning strikes without warning

Recent claims show a wide range of damage being attributed to lightning or voltage surges. Lightning has caused damage to computer terminals, printers, motors, controllers, high-tech instrumentation and telephone communication systems. Unexpectedly, these businesses find themselves trying to rebound from losses costing upward of a few thousand dollars.

One loss in Atlanta, for example, saw lightning knock out an auto dealer’s main telephone system and computer network. The equipment was damaged beyond repair and had to be replaced. After a $1,000 deductible, the policy paid more than $26,000.

One of the greatest hazards to communication systems or any system that employs sensitive electronic equipment is a voltage surge. It’s a fairly common occurrence and damage usually can be avoided. But it still accounts for millions of dollars in lost revenue and repair costs each year nationwide. How can you help protect your equipment and other business investments from a damaging and costly voltage surge?

What is a voltage surge?

Voltage surges are disturbances in the normal pattern of a power system’s supply voltage. Usually, this is thought of as a sudden spike that raises the voltage level above the limit which equipment was designed to handle. While there are other types of transients, we will limit our discussion to overvoltage conditions.

Voltage surges happen when a sudden change to an electrical circuit occurs. A simple example of such a change occurs when the motor used in an air conditioner or freezer starts or stops.

More dramatic types of switching surges occur when the utility company energizes or de-energizes its equipment, or when overhead power lines slap together or are broken and fall to the earth. A third type of switching surge results from arcing due to loose connections or ground faults.

How can you protect your system?

The simplest means of protecting your telecommunications system or other sensitive electronic equipment can be summed up in three words — single continuous ground. Let’s look at these words in reverse order.

Proper grounds

Electrically grounding equipment means providing a direct, low-resistance path for electrical current to return to earth. The most important concept to understand about electricity when dealing with surges such as lightning is that current always takes the path of least resistance to ground. As end users of electricity, we have virtually no control in preventing surges from occurring. But what we can do is direct the current flow when the surge does occur — by ensuring all equipment is properly grounded.

Continuous grounds

In order to be effective, the grounding system must be continuous. This means grounding conductors should never be spliced or brought to a terminal strip. In addition, the electrical grounding system (including metallic conduits and raceways) should be bonded to the building’s structural steel to provide maximum protection.

Single grounds

Finally, there should be only one grounding system. All building systems, including electric, telephone, lightning, antenna, and underground metallic piping systems, should be connected together and bonded to the building grounding system.

Lightning can enter a building in ways other than over power lines. Overhead telephone lines or any other utility that is exposed to the outside (HVAC, water, etc.) can provide a conductive path for lightning surges to find their way inside. Lightning striking your neighbor’s house can travel over to yours via common water lines. However, by connecting all of these systems to a common grounding point, the same voltage potential can be maintained and a path to dissipate the surge is ensured.

Surge suppression

In addition to a single, continuous grounding system, the proper use of surge suppression devices is the best means of protecting your telephone and computer systems. When a voltage surge occurs, a Surge Protection Device (SPD) provides a low resistance path to ground so that the surge bypasses the equipment. Therefore, the voltage to which the electrical equipment is exposed is limited to a level much below that of the surge.

Ideally, an SPD should be installed at the main service entrance equipment for the building to minimize surges from entering the premises through the power system. In addition, local surge protection should be provided within the building for terminal equipment, computers and other sensitive equipment such as computer-driven instrumentation.

Special note on isolated grounds

One of the most abused concepts is that of an “isolated ground.” Often, “experts” in the field of computers or harmonics suggest the installation of a separate ground for computer or diagnostic systems as a means of eliminating noise or harmonic problems.

A separate ground is not an isolated ground. Having an equipment ground separate from the system ground may appear to correct the problem at hand, but it is not the proper grounding method. Consult a professional engineer or licensed electrician if you suspect you may have a condition involving a separate ground.

Prevention is key

Don’t neglect a proper grounding system for your equipment. Lightning and voltage surges can cause extensive damage and shut down your business. That can be costly, not only to the financial well-being of your company, but to your reputation for reliability and customer service.

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Copyright ©2020 The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company. All Rights Reserved. Used with permission of The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company.

This material is provided for informational purposes only and does not provide any coverage or guarantee loss prevention. The examples in this material are provided as hypothetical and for illustration purposes only. The Hanover Insurance Company and its affiliates and subsidiaries (“The Hanover”) specifically disclaim any warranty or representation that acceptance of any recommendations contained herein will make any premises, or operation safe or in compliance with any law or regulation. By providing this information to you. The Hanover does not assume (and specifically disclaims) any duty, undertaking or responsibility to you. The decision to accept or implement any recommendation(s) or advice contained in this material must be made by you.

LC MAR 2019-162
171-1074 (02/14)

As a manufacturer or product designer, a primary goal is to make a high-quality product that is reliable and functions as intended for customer use. But just as important, you are also responsible for ensuring that your product is safe for customer use. If this goal is not met your product could ultimately cause product related accidents, recalls and subsequent lawsuits, which may have a significant impact on revenue and profits.

An effective approach to creating a safe product is by incorporating a comprehensive product safety management program throughout your product’s life cycle. An effective product safety management program can help reduce accidents and recalls, and provide a more defensible product in the event of litigation.

There are several steps involved in a product safety management program: one important and fundamental step is compliance with industry product safety standards. Product safety standards are meant to be a guide for incorporating proven methods of safety into your product design. They aid in promoting consistency not just in your operations, but within your entire industry.

This article will highlight the reasons compliance with product safety standards are important by understanding the types of compliance standards, benefits and limitations of compliance, as well as guidance on incorporating standards within your organization.
 

What are standards?

In general, a product standard describes a guide for a characteristic of a product or process, that, if adhered to, promotes a higher quality of that product or process.
 

Types of product safety compliance standards

There are two main categories of standards in product safety compliance: mandatory and voluntary. Mandatory standards are issued by federal, state, county, or municipal governments. Generally, there is no option for non-compliance with mandatory standards. Non-compliance with mandatory standards may result in criminal or civil penalties.

Voluntary standards are consensus standards that are prepared by representative companies from the industry where the standard will be applicable, or by voluntary standards organizations (such as the American Society for Testing and Materials [ASTM] or the American National Standards Institute [ANSI]). Government and consumer groups may also be involved in the preparation of a voluntary standard. Although compliance with these standards is voluntary, they are frequently used as the basis for expert testimony in court as to what is customary in industry.

In general, a key difference between the two types of compliance standards is mandatory standards are the lowest safety level the government will accept, and voluntary standards are the lowest safety level an industry intends to meet. Regardless of the impositions that compliance with product safety standards present, manufacturers may find many benefits in such compliance.
 

BeneBenefits of compliance with product safety standards

Compliance with product safety standards can be beneficial in many ways. One of the most important benefits is the introduction of previously evaluated methods of safe design. Generally, product safety standards are created to avoid the recurrence of accidents or the presentation of hazards associated with similar products. These standards take the guess work out of deciding which safety measures or methods to incorporate in product design and manufacturing.

As noted, there are several benefits that compliance with product safety standards offer; however, compliance also offers some limitations.

Limitations with standards compliance

Compliance with product safety standards does come with a few limitations; and some of these limitations may also depend on the type of standard. One of the most important limitations to consider is that compliance with a product safety standard may not fully absolve you of liability resulting from a product-related accident or claim. As mentioned previously, compliance with product safety standards is just one step in a product safety management program.

Finally, as a manufacturer, the courts will likely hold that you must be an expert about your product. The key is understanding whether the standard, mandatory or voluntary, establishes that a duty or standard of care was exercised for you as the manufacturer. A duty of care is the basis for negligence, which is conduct that falls below the standards established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. It is the basis for most product-safety related litigation.^[4]

Due diligence must be exercised to ensure that all known or foreseeable hazards are controlled to an acceptable level even if not emphasized or identified in the associated standards. It is best to know all the requirements set by the applicable product safety standards and any good engineering practices that change with the state-of-the-art.
 

Guidance on incorporating standards

Product safety standards should be an integral part of your product safety management program. As highlighted above, product safety standards are meant to be a guide, practice or set of characteristics for safe product design. Below are few tips to consider when incorporating product safety standards:

• Determine what standards are applicable to your product; whether the standards are mandatory or voluntary, and incorporate the standard requirements into the product design.
• Review voluntary standards for product safety adequacy and make improvements if necessary.
• Test and inspect products for conformance with standard requirements.
• For new state-of-the-art products, a formal exemption or waiver should be considered if mandatory requirements don’t meet the desired safety level needed.
• Always monitor and review product safety standards activity, as it relates to your products, for new standards under development, or standard revisions.
• Have a program that documents all practices and procedures.
• For assistance with locating various standards, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) offers an online database for standards that have been referenced in the US Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), IBR Standards Portal.

 

References

1. American National Standards Institute (ANSI). (2021, September 7). Resource: Glossary. Retrieved from StandardsPortal.org, A Resource for Global Trade: https://www.standardsportal.org/usa_en/resources/glossary.aspx#Definitions.
2. Hammer,W. (1993). Product Safety Management and Engineering Second Edition. Des Plaines, IL: American Society of Safety Engineers.
3. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and Internal Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). (2004). ISO/IEC Guide 2: 2004, Standardization and Related Activities-General Vocabulary. Geneva: CH: ISO.
4. Negligence: Background. (2018, November 29). Retrieved from https://wwwfindlaw.com: https://www.findlaw.com/injury/accident-injury-law/negligence-background.html.

 

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This material is provided for informational purposes only and does not provide any coverage or guarantee loss prevention. The examples in this material are provided as hypothetical and for illustration purposes only. The Hanover Insurance Company and its affiliates and subsidiaries (“The Hanover”) specifically disclaim any warranty or representation that acceptance of any recommendations contained herein will make any premises, or operation safe or in compliance with any law or regulation. By providing this information to you, The Hanover does not assume (and specifically disclaims) any duty, undertaking or responsibility to you. The decision to accept or implement any recommendation(s) or advice contained in this material must be made by you.

LC 2022-055